25 years ago, Defenders helped wolves get back to where they once belonged
By Heidi Ridgley
Rick McIntyre likens the emotion people expressed when spotting wolves the first year they returned to Yellowstone National Park—after a 70-year absence—to how fans reacted when seeing the Beatles in the band’s heyday.
In 1995, McIntyre worked as a seasonal employee for the National Park Service. With wild wolves reintroduced from Canada that January—after a misguided government extermination campaign wiped out every last one by the 1920s—he had arrived at the park that spring thinking: “If I could see the tail of just one wolf I would be very happy.”
Instead, on his first full day in the park he saw all six members of the Crystal Creek pack. Safe from the hunters and trappers that had pursued them in Alberta, the whole pack seemed to quickly understand that Yellowstone was different. They frolicked, hunted and raised their pups in Lamar Valley as park visitors gaped at them through spotting scopes set up on roadsides a mile away.
“I was in a ranger uniform representing the federal government helping people spot wolves for the first time, and they would literally be crying,” says McIntyre. “Or a citizen would be so thankful they’d want to hug the closest representative of the U.S. government. That doesn’t happen too often.”
The wolves’ return is one of the most celebrated ecological experiments in history and an extraordinary conservation victory. It also spawned a tourism industry that brings wolf-watchers from all over the world and contributes $35 million a year to the region’s economy. But the success did not come without a struggle.
When Yellowstone became America’s first national park in 1872, people did not yet understand the role each species plays in ecosystem health. Early park rangers, sanctioned by the government, set out to kill every wolf they saw, and in 1926 they shot the last two—pups caught in steel jaw traps as they fed on a bison in Lamar Valley.
Two decades later, ecologist Aldo Leopold was the first to recommend reintroduction of wolves, recognizing their immense ecological value and his generation’s equally colossal mistake. “A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community,” he wrote in A Sand County Almanac in 1949. “It is wrong when it tends otherwise.”
As apex carnivores, wolves sit at the top of the food chain, affecting everything from elk to soil. Ecologically balanced grazing populations allow willow and aspen to grow and stabilize riverbanks, bringing dam-building beavers that create habitat for coldwater fish like cutthroat trout. Wolves also mean fewer coyotes to prey on pronghorn fawns, chipmunks, marmots and voles. In turn, raptors thrive. Even beetles partake in the bonanza provided by wolves. What they don’t finish nourishes the soil.
In the late 1960s, Defenders magazine began showcasing articles by wolf experts and field staff calling for wolf reintroduction in the park. In a 1986 interview featured in the magazine, renowned wolf authority L. David Mech described the Yellowstone ecosystem as “a place that literally begs to have wolves.”
In the following years, Defenders of Wildlife stepped up efforts on the wolf’s behalf, conducting public education campaigns to garner support for reintroduction, establishing a program to compensate ranchers for verified livestock losses to wolves, suing the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to force reintroduction and fighting for federal funding.
When the federal government began seeking public comments, Doug Smith, Yellowstone biologist and head of the park’s wolf recovery project, recalls that regional public meetings had all the appearance of troops massing for battle. But from across the entire country comments poured in overwhelmingly in support of the wolf’s return.
And then it happened.
On Jan. 12, 1995, two park service patrol cars followed by a horse trailer containing eight wolves captured from three different Alberta packs and flown to Montana passed by a throng of cheering well-wishers and through Yellowstone’s famous entrance arch.
But at the last second, Wyoming Farm Bureau Federation lawyers—who had earlier delayed capture efforts in Canada—had obtained a stay from a federal appeals court to stop the release after the plane carrying the wolves from Canada was already in the air. The wild wolves, now on the ground after completing the final leg of their journey to Lamar Valley by mule-drawn sleigh and then hand-carried up a steep slope, remained confined in their transport crates. Pushing 30 hours since capture, Justice Department lawyers fought in a Denver court to free them.
When a judge finally relented and lifted the restraint, four veterinarians and biologists—Smith among them—rushed through the dark and snow to open the cages. To bond them to the area and ensure they did not hightail it back to Alberta, the wolves initially lived in chain-link pens about an acre in size, with armed rangers on guard because of death threats. After ten weeks they were set free.
In total, 66 wolves were released in Yellowstone and central Idaho in 1995 and 1996. With about 100 wolves in up to a dozen packs in Yellowstone today, wolves are well established in the park. But outside the park’s border, the struggle to gain greater public acceptance of wolves continues—despite a population of only about 2,000 in the Northern Rockies, compared to nearly 10,000 mountain lions, 100,000 black bears and hundreds of thousands of coyotes.
Since 2011, when Congress took Endangered Species Act (ESA) protections away from wolves in Idaho and Montana—the first-ever species delisting by Congress rather than by FWS biologists—and turned wolf management over to the states, more than 3,500 wolves have been killed. And where the ESA still protects wolves, repeated efforts to strip them of this protection continue, even though wolves still only occupy 10% of their historical range in the lower 48 states.
As wolves expand on their own into Washington, Oregon and California, Defenders is working to ensure they stay safe from conflicts with people through programs to promote coexistence tools among ranchers, such as using range riders, guard dogs and night pens, and rekindling the herd instincts in livestock, which make wolves less inclined to risk an attack.
Defenders also wants to see wolves successfully reintroduced in western Colorado—the largest remaining area of unoccupied wolf habitat—to complete wolf restoration across the entire Rocky Mountain range. And the fight continues to protect Mexican gray wolves in Arizona and New Mexico, where the federal government remains less understanding, having killed four wolves in April at the request of ranchers and stalling releases of captive-bred wolves that would bolster the wild population’s genetic diversity. Likewise, in the Southeast, the Red Wolf population is barely hanging on, with only 10 known in the wild. In the 1980s, the Red Wolf’s successful reintroduction had been the model for Yellowstone’s. But government inaction stalled the program following pressure led by a few vocal and persistent landowners, underscoring the fact that wolves will always need advocates.
“It’s time these amazing animals return to their rightful places across the country where suitable habitat still remains, for the good of all of us—humans and other species alike,” says Defenders’ President and CEO Jamie Rappaport Clark. “In the 1990s, we believed wolves were important to the broader biodiversity picture but didn’t have the evidence. Now, 25 years later we know with absolute certainty how valuable wolves are to ecosystem health, and we have the studies to prove it. Wolves have also showed the power of people to change, to grow and appreciate the value of all species, to right the wrongs of the past.”
Although prejudice against wolves remains strong in areas, and some states now managing wolves are more focused on wolf control than continued recovery, Clark says that Defenders will continue to provide the support, hard work and focused vision necessary to ensure that wolves, wherever possible, can get back to where they still belong.
Defenders’ editor Heidi Ridgley never saw the Beatles, but she did see Yellowstone’s superstars thanks to Rick McIntyre and his spotting scope. His latest book The Rise of Wolf 8: Witnessing the Triumph of Yellowstone’s Underdog chronicles the early years of the wolf reintroduction.
Yellowstone Wolf Timeline
1872
Yellowstone National Park created by an act of Congress requiring preservation of its “natural curiosities, or wonders” and prohibiting “wanton destruction” of animals.
1914
The start of a war against predators begins on public lands in the West—including a wolf extirpation campaign in Yellowstone—after Congress appropriates funds for “destroying wolves, prairie dogs and other animals injurious to agriculture and animal husbandry.”
1926
Park rangers kill the last wolves in Yellowstone—two pups trapped on a bison carcass.
1935
Yellowstone ends predator control in line with new National Park Service policy.
1944
Noted biologist Aldo Leopold advocates wolf restoration to Yellowstone ecosystem and other public lands.
1968
Wolf expert Douglas Pimlott in Defenders magazine advocates wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone and parks in Canada.
1972
President Nixon bans predator poisons on public lands.
1973
Rocky Mountain gray wolf listed as endangered. Congress enacts the Endangered Species Act, which enabled wolves to disperse on their own into northwest Montana from Canada by the 1980s.
1978
Biologist John Weaver concludes wolves no longer live in Yellowstone and recommends reintroduction.
1979
Defenders’ Great Basin Representative Dick Randall advocates for Yellowstone wolf restoration in Defenders magazine.
1980
Defenders advocates for wolf restoration to Yellowstone after the first gray wolf recovery plan is drafted but fails to recommend the park.
1981
Federal and state agencies begin revising recovery plan.
1985
National Park Service backs Yellowstone wolf reintroduction.
1986
Wolf authority L. David Mech in a Defenders magazine interview advocates for Yellowstone wolf reintroduction, calling the ecosystem “a place that literally begs to have wolves.”
1987
Revised recovery plan calls for wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone and central Idaho, along with nurturing a new population that immigrated from Canada into northwest Montana. Defenders begins compensating Montana ranchers for verified livestock losses to wolves.
1990
Defenders announces establishment of $100,000 wolf compensation fund. The Interior Secretary appoints Defenders’ Hank Fischer to wolf management committee and a wolf reintroduction bill is in the U.S. Senate.
1991
Defenders sues to force wolf reintroduction.
1992
Defenders establishes wolf reward program to pay landowners $5,000 for allowing wolves to breed successfully on their property.
1993
Draft Yellowstone wolf environmental impact statement (EIS) released.
1994
Final EIS issued. Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt signs record of decision and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues final rules for wolf management of reintroduced wolves in Yellowstone and central Idaho. Wyoming Farm Bureau sues.
1995–1996
66 wild gray wolves reintroduced in Yellowstone and central Idaho.
Photo caption:
Defenders’ former president, Rodger Schlickeisen (back, left), helps carry a wolf to the acclimation pen release site in Yellowstone.
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